Co-Operative Banks in India Essay Example

Co-Operative Banks in India Essay A co-operative bank is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. Co-operative banks are often created by persons belonging to the same local or professional community or sharing a common interest. Co-operative banks generally provide their members with a wide range of banking and financial services (loans, deposits, banking accounts†¦). Co-operative banks differ from stockholder banks by their organization, their goals, their values and their governance. In most countries, they are supervised and controlled by banking authorities and have to respect prudential banking regulations, which put them at a level playing field with stockholder banks. Depending on countries, this control and supervision can be implemented directly by state entities or delegated to a co-operative federation or central body. All the cooperative banks share common features : †¢ Customer-owned entities: In a co-operative bank, the needs of the customers eet the needs of the owners, as co-operative bank members are both. As a consequence, the first aim of a co-operative bank is not to maximise profit but to provide the best possible products and services to its members. Some co-operative banks only operate with their members but most of them also admit non-member clients to benefit from their banking and financial services. We will write a custom essay sample on Co-Operative Banks in India specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Co-Operative Banks in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Co-Operative Banks in India specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer †¢ Democratic member control: Co-operative banks are owned and controlled by their members, who democratically elect the board of directors. Members usually have equal voting rights, according to the co-operative principle of â€Å"one person, one vote†. Profit allocation: In a co-operative bank, a significant part of the yearly profit, benefits or surplus is usually allocated to constitute reserves. A part of this profit can also be distributed to the co-operative members, with legal or statutory limitations in most cases. Profit is usually allocated to members either through a patronage dividend, which is related to the use of the co-operative’s products and services by each member, or through an interest or a dividend, which is related to the number of shares subscribed by each member. HISTORY The Bank was formed in 1872 as the Loan and Deposit Department of Manchesters Co-operative Wholesale Society, becoming the CWS Bank four years later. However, the bank did not become a registered company until 1971. In 1975, the bank became the first new member of the Committee of London Clearing Banks for 40 years, and thus able to issue its own cheques. Since 1974 the Co-operative Bank has consistently offered free banking for personal customers who remain in credit. It was also the first Clearing Bank to offer an interest bearing cheque account called Cheque Save, in 1982. In 1991 the Bank shook the credit card market when it introduced a guaranteed free for life Gold Visa card. The Co-operative banks in INDIA have a history of almost 100 years. The Co-operative banks are an important constituent of the Indian Financial System, judging by the role assigned to them, the expectations they are supposed to fulfil, their number, and the number of offices they operate. The co-operative movement originated in the West, but the importance that such banks have assumed in India is rarely paralleled anywhere else in the world. Their role in rural financing continues to be important even today, and their business in the urban areas also has increased phenomenally in recent years mainly due to the sharp increase in the number of primary co-operative banks. Co operative Banks in India are registered under the Co-operative Societies Act. The cooperative bank is also regulated by the RBI. They are governed by the Banking Regulations Act 1949 and Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965. Establishment of Cooperative Banks in India INTRODUCTION Co-operative banks Co-operative movement is quite well established in India. The first legislation on co-operation was passed in 1904. In 1914 the Maclagen committee envisaged a three tier structure for co-operative banking viz. Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACs) at the grass root level, Central Co-operative Banks at the district level and State Co-operative Banks at state level or Apex Level. The first urban co-operative bank in India was formed nearly 100 years back in Baroda. The co-operative banks arrived in India in the beginning of 20th Century as an official effort to create a new type of institution based on the principles of co-operative organisation and management, suitable for problems peculiar to Indian conditions. These banks were conceived as substitutes for money lenders, to provide timely and adequate short-term and long-term institutional credit at reasonable rates of interest. In the formative stage Co-operative Banks were Urban Co-operative Societies run on community basis and their lending activities were restricted to meeting the credit requirements of their members. The concept of Urban Co-operative Bank was first spelt out by Mehta Bhansali Committee in 1939 which defined on Urban Co-operative Bank. Provisions of Section 5 (CCV) of Banking Regulation Act, 1949 (as applicable to Co-operative Societies) defined an Urban Co-operative Bank as a Primary Co-operative Bank other than a Primary Co-operative Society was made applicable in 1966. Cooperative banking  is retail and commercial banking organized on a  cooperative  basis. Cooperative  banking institutions  take deposits and lend money in most parts of the world. Cooperative banking (for the purposes of this article), includes retail banking, as carried out by credit unions, mutual savings and loan associations, building societies and cooperatives, as well as commercial banking services provided by mutual organizations (such as cooperative federations) to cooperative businesses. The Co-operative banks has a history of almost 100 years. The Co-operative banks are an important constituent of the Indian Financial System, judging by the role assigned to them, the expectations they are supposed to fulfil, their number, and the number of offices they operate. The co-operative movement originated in the West, but the importance that such banks have assumed in India is rarely paralleled anywhere else in the world. Their role in rural financing continues to be important even today, and their business in the urban areas also has increased phenomenally in recent years mainly due to the sharp increase in the number of primary co-operative banks. While the co-operative banks in rural areas mainly finance agricultural based activities including farming, cattle, milk, hatchery, personal finance etc. long with some small scale industries and self-employment driven activities, the co-operative banks in urban areas mainly finance various categories of people for self-employment, industries, small scale units, home finance, consumer finance, personal finance, etc. Some of the co-operative banks are quite forward looking and have developed sufficient core competencies to challenge state and private sector banks. According to NAFCUB the total deposits lendings of Co-operative Banks is much more than Old Private Sector Banks also the New Private Sector Banks. This exponential growth of Co-operative Banks is attributed mainly to their much better local reach, personal interaction with customers, their ability to catch the nerve of the local clientele. Though registered under the Co-operative Societies Act of the Respective States (where formed originally) the banking related activities of the co-operative banks are also regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. They are governed by the Banking Regulations Act 1949 and Banking Laws (Co-operative Societies) Act, 1965. Definition of a cooperative bank (Source  : ICBA, International Cooperative Banks Association) A co-operative bank is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. Co-operative banks are often created by persons belonging to the same local or professional community or sharing a common interest. Co-operative banks generally provide their members with a wide range of banking and financial services (loans, deposits, banking accounts†¦). Co-operative banks differ from stockholder banks by their organization, their goals, their values and their governance. In most countries, they are supervised and controlled by banking authorities and have to respect prudential banking regulations, which put them at a level playing field with stockholder banks. Depending on countries, this control and supervision can be implemented directly by state entities or delegated to a co-operative federation or central body. Even if their organizational rules can vary according to their respective national legislations, co-operative banks share common features: †¢ Customer-owned entities  : in a co-operative bank, the needs of the customers meet the needs of the owners, as co-operative bank members are both. As a consequence, the first aim of a co-operative bank is not to maximise profit but to provide the best possible products and services to its members. Some co-operative banks only operate with their members but most of them also admit non-member clients to benefit from their banking and financial services. †¢ Democratic member control  : co-operative banks are owned and controlled by their members, who democratically elect the board of directors. Members usually have equal voting rights, according to the co-operative principle of â€Å"one person, one vote†. Profit allocation  : in a co-operative bank, a significant part of the yearly profit, benefits or surplus is usually allocated to constitute reserves. A part of this profit can also be distributed to the co-operative members, with legal or statutory limitations in most cases. Profit is usually allocated to members either through a patronage dividend, which is related to the use of the co-operative’s produc ts and services by each member, or through an interest or a dividend, which is related to the number of shares subscribed by each member. Co-operative banks are deeply rooted inside local areas and communities. They are involved in local development and contribute to the sustainable development of their communities, as their members and management board usually belong to the communities in which they exercise their activities. By increasing banking access in areas or markets where other banks are less present – SMEs, farmers in rural areas, middle or low income households in urban areas co-operative banks reduce banking exclusion and foster the economic ability of millions of people. They play an influential role on the economic growth in the countries in which they work in and increase the efficiency of the international financial system. Their specific form of enterprise, relying on the above-mentioned principles of organization, has proven successful both in developed and developing countries. Larger institutions are often called  cooperative banks. Some of these banks are tightly integrated federations of credit unions, though those member credit unions may not subscribe to all nine of the strict principles of the  World Council of Credit Unions  (WOCCU). Like credit unions, cooperative banks are owned by their customers and follow the  cooperative principle  of one person, one vote. Unlike credit unions, however, cooperative banks are often regulated under both banking and cooperative legislation. They provide services such as savings and loans to non-members as well as to members, and some participate in the wholesale markets for bonds, money and even equities. [2]Many cooperative banks are traded on public  stock markets, with the result that they are partly owned by non-members. Member control is diluted by these outside stakes, so they may be regarded as semi-cooperative. Cooperative banking systems are also usually more integrated than credit union systems. Local branches of cooperative banks elect their own boards of directors and manage their own operations, but most strategic decisions require approval from a central office. Credit unions usually retain strategic decision-making at a local level, though they share back-office functions, such as access to the global payments system, by federating. Some cooperative banks are criticized for dilution of cooperative principles. Principles 2-4 of the  Statement on the Co-operative Identity  can be interpreted to require that members must control both the governance systems and capital of their cooperatives. A cooperative bank that raises capital on public stock markets creates a second class of shareholders who compete with the members for control. In some circumstances, the members may lose control. This effectively means that the bank ceases to be a cooperative. Accepting deposits from non-members may also lead to a dilution of member control. MAIN FUNCTIONS OF COOPERATIVE BANKS 1. Co-operative Banks are organised and managed on the principal of co-operation, self-help, and mutual help. They function with the rule of one member, one vote function on no profit, no loss basis. Co-operative banks, as a principle, do not pursue the goal of profit maximisation. Co-operative bank performs all the main banking functions of deposit mobilisation, supply of credit and provision of remittance facilities. Co-operative Banks provide limited banking products and are functionally specialists in agriculture related products. However, co-operative banks now provide housing loans also. UCBs provide working capital loans and term loan as well. 2. Co-operative bank do banking business mainly in the agriculture and rural sector. However, UCBs, SCBs, and CCBs operate in semi urban, urban, and metropolitan areas also. The urban and non-agricultural business of these banks has grown over the years. The co-operative banks demonstrate a shift from rural to urban, while the commercial banks, from urban to rural. Co-operative Banks belong to the money market as well as to the capital market. Primary agricultural credit societies provide short term and medium term loans. 3. Cooperative banks in India finance rural areas under:  ·Farming  ·Cattle  ·Milk  ·Hatchery  ·Personal finance 4. Cooperative banks in India finance urban areas under:  ·Self-employment  ·Industries  ·Small scale units  ·Home finance  ·Consumer finance  ·Personal finance Co-operative Banks Types: There are two types of co-operative banks in INDIA. 1. The first is the short term lending oriented Co-operative Banks. In this category there are again three sub categories of banks which are the State Co-operative banks, District Co-operative banks and the Primary Agricultural Co-operative societies. 2. The second is the long term lending oriented Co-operative banks. In this second category there are land developments banks which are at three levels. First is the state level, the second is district level, and the third is the village level. Again the Co-operative banking structure in India is divided into five main categories and these categories are: 1. Primary Urban Co-operative Banks. . Primary Agricultural Credit Societies. 3. District Central Co-operative Banks. 4. State Co-operative Banks. 5. Land Development Banks. It is very much clear that co-operative banks have very much importance in national development. Without the help of co-operative banks, millions of people in INDIA would be lacking the much needed financial support. CLASSIFICATION OF COOPERATIVE BANKS Some co-operative banks are s cheduled banks, while others are non-scheduled banks. For instance, SCBs and some UCBs are scheduled banks but other co-operative banks are non-scheduled banks. At present, 28 SCBs and 11 UCBs with Demand and Time Liabilities over Rs 50 crore each included in the Second Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act. Co-operative Banks are subject to CRR and liquidity requirements as other scheduled and non-scheduled banks are. However, their requirements are less than commercial banks. |Sr. No. |Category of bank |Minimum SLR holding in Government and other approved securities as percentage of Net Demand | | | |and Time Liabilities (NDTL) | |1. Scheduled banks |25% | |2. |Non-Scheduled banks | | | |a) with NDTL of Rs. 25 crore | | | |above   | | | |b) with NDTL of less than Rs. 5 |15% | | |crore | | | | | | | | |10% | Recent Developments Over the years, primary (urban) cooperative banks have registered a significant growth in number, size and volume of business handled.

Leadership Class Facilitators And Discussion Example

Leadership Class Facilitators And Discussion Example Leadership Class Facilitators And Discussion – Coursework Example Leadership Affiliation Link: http www.google.com/url?sa=t it models ethical habits of the organization, build trust, enhances credibility and respect, promotes collaboration as well as curving a convenient working environment for all members of the institution.Differences between Ethics and MoralsEthics are rules of conduct accredited in relation to a specific class of human accomplishments or social group while morals are precepts that isolate DOS and Don’ts regarding personal behavior in any social institution. Other differences between ethics and morals include (Resick et al., 2013); ethics come from social systems, which are external to an individual, whereas morals are regarded as intrinsic human factors that define govern behavior. Ethics are observed because society approves of them while morals exist because individuals believe in actions either being right or wrong. Ethics tend to be uniform in a particular society with minimal variations in defining them while morals are quite flexible as they can change with individual pattern of beliefs and values. Not all people who strictly observe ethical principles have morals, contrary to that, a moral individual is likely to follow a code of ethics easily. Ethics are regulated by legal and professional guidelines whereas morals are governed by cultural norms (Resick et al., 2013).ReferenceResick, C. J., Hargis, M. B., Shao, P., & Dust, S. B. (2013). Ethical leadership, moral equity judgments, and discretionary workplace behavior. Human Relations, 66(7), 951–972. doi:10.1177/0018726713481633

5000 word essay following research into Emergency planning and

5000 word following research into Emergency planning and Business Continuity Management and how they may be integrated with Security Risk Management - Essay Example Organisations have no choice but to manage the risk and ensure the stability of all stakeholders with the use and application of corporate governance and other standards. The integration among business continuity management, emergency planning and security risk management proves to be the only reliable way to attain and retain the corporate objectives. The global business environment doesn’t remain the same! Much has changed and much has become complex too. In this environmental complexity, a huge role is being played by globalisation. The developed world undoubtedly observes the saturation of markets. Consequently, the corporations need to search out new investment and business avenues to ensure their corporate existence in the corporate world. The markets of America; and most of European countries have less chances of facilitating the needs of large and big organisations in terms of goods and services; organisations have no other choice left except for taking on more risky investment destinations; such as Asia, Latin America and Africa. As a result, various security risks and challenges would be faced while doing business in these risky investment destinations. Additionally, as the security risk becomes wider and deeper practically and psychologically as well, different measures are pursued, and introduced; among these me asures; corporate social responsibility and corporate governance are more heard and are more demanded by security and regulatory authorities. As the issue of security is becoming a more and more challenging in each passing day, organisations need different and applicable ways to handle and minimise the risks that directly or indirectly threaten the existence of their businesses. Some standards, such as Business Continuity Management System (BCMS) are mostly used by the organisations. With the adoption and implementation of the BCMS, an organisation becomes in a

General Stored website report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

General Stored website report - Essay Example Besides, businesses have the capacity to place advertisements on Internet servers running from basic promoting too far reaching virtual brochures. Electronic Commerce is characterized as purchasing or selling, goods and services or data by means of computer systems, predominantly the Internet. Electronic Commerce has expansive incredible profits for both customers and the business included. These incorporate 24hour administration deals and buy administrations for both business and customers expanding the measure of offers for both customers and the business. There are no geological limits thus improving more deals for the business crosswise over diverse locale. There is a plausibility of making more deals channels for the merchants and the likelihood of offering numerous more items on the web. The overall revenue is high since there isnt quite a bit of costs acquired amid the item sale deal. Cross offers does happen a ton since the seller can compliment products expected to oblige the obtained merchandise. There is the E-mail promoting continuing serving to tell clients of new merchandise accessible in the business, when there are deals on checked costs of great or to simply convey new value records on things to customers. Much larger amount of discernment about your clients conduct, preferences, wants and so forth with this incredible information about your clients conduct on your e-trade store it will permit you to adjust your store over the long haul to make it more viable. Over the years mobile apps have also been added to the means of electronic Commerce to be practiced. This has generally made it really easy to even reach a new wide range of clients that do not have access to PC systems. Electronic commerce has generally made shopping really easy for all. This report is to help measure up and investigate client response to some of the renowned General stores websites

Southern blotting application Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Southern blotting application - Assignment Example A labeled DNA sequence is usually an RFLP probe that hybridizes with either a single or multiple fragments of the digested DNA sample after separation by gel electrophoresis resulting to showing a unique blotting pattern attributed to a genotype that is specific to a locus. RFLP probes are usually short, single or low copy genomic DNA or cDNA clones. Application of RFLP probes are usually used in variation analysis such as in paternity tests, ping and diagnosis of hereditary diseases. RFLP probes are also used in genome mapping. RFLPs are detected by using restriction enzyme that can recognize and fragment a sample of DNA where there is a specific short sequence. This step is known as restriction enzyme digestion. Single nucleotide polymorphisms can either create or destroy restriction endonuclease recognition sites therefore affecting the length and the quantity of DNA fragments resulting from restriction enzyme digestion. Agarose gel electrophoresis separates the resulting DNA fragments and transferred to a membrane through a Southern blot procedure. The membrane is a paper like matrix made up of nitrocellulose and usually has a slight positive charge. The fragment lengths that are complementary to the RFLP probes and are considered as alleles in genetic analysis is determined by the hybridization of the membrane to the labeled DNA probe (National Center for Biotechnology Information ). In developing RFLP probes, a methylation sensitive enzyme digests the total DNA thus enriching the library for sequences that are single or low copy expressed. The digested DNA is size fractionated on preparative agarose gel and excision, elusion and cloning into plasmid vector of is done. The digested plasmids are consequently screened for inserts. Total sheared DNA can be used to probe southern blots of the inserts to select clones that can hybridise to single and low copy sequences. Genomic DNA of different genotypes

Increased Demand For More Resource Intensive Food Economics Essay

Increased Demand For More Resource Intensive Food Economics Essay The increasingly of enhanced productivity and yields of the farm sector have been driving the worldwide food prices falling for the past 25 years. However, this phenomenon came to a sudden change due to the global food prices increased dramatically by 2007, creating a global crisis and causing political and economical instability and social unrest in both poor and developed nations. Increased demand for more resource intensive food The head of the International Food Policy Research Institute stated in 2008 that the gradual change in diet among newly prosperous populations is the most important factor underpinning the rise in global food prices(Wikipedia, 2010), most notably in developing country like China and India. Rising of consumption of meat particularly has resulted in increase demand for grains; One kilogram of beef requires eight kilograms of feed grain, so as the demand for meat surges, consumption of grains by cattle soars, that driving up grain prices. Issue of bio-fuel subsidies Both the United States and European Union have implemented policies by giving the subsidies for ethanol and bio-diesel production to many farmers which have prompted them to switch to production for bio-fuel, even though exactly how effective they are at generating less CO2 emissions and decelerating global warming is actively debated. Ultimately this has diverted the land away from production of corn and soy for food, and reduced the supply of land devoted to growing crops that dont received bio-fuel subsidies, such as wheat. As a result, it generated a huge effect on demand for corn and soy beans. In 2007, for example, the U.S. increase in demand for corn-based ethanol accounted for more than half of the worldwide increase in demand for corn. The problem of imposition of high tariffs From the U.S. and EU markets by high tariffs, which are shutting out manufacturers of alternative products that can be turned into bio-fuels, most remarkably sugar cane, So as a result, the price of imported sugar cane is increased and making it extremely uncompetitive with subsidized corn and soy beans, this is unfortunate as sugar cane is a more environmentally friendly raw material for bio-fuels than corn and soy beans. As matter of fact, the circumstances may get even poorer, in case policy makers have their way. Policies in both U.S. and the EU require increase in the production of bio-fuels, but none of them has permitted decreasing tariff barriers on sugar cane or to remove the trade distorting subsides given to those who generate corn and soy for bio-fuels. 2) Case Discussion Questions 1 Answer Who benefits from government policies to (a) promote production of ethanol and (b) place tariff barriers on imports of sugar cane? Who suffers as a result of these policies? The policies who benefit from the government policies to promote production of ethanol will be the country and its domestic producers. For this case, it will be United States and the domestics producers in United States. Also, it will provide the producers with the chance to expand or increase their export market. For example, Archer Daniels Midland Company is one of the United States domestic company which turn crops into renewable products. At the same time, the tariff barriers on imports of sugar cane would minimize the foreign imports. Most of people believe that the ethanol production provides large benefits to the farmers, but in fact the profits to farmer are minimal. However, most of the domestics producers (like Archer Daniels Midland) are making huge profits from ethanol production which were received the ethanol subsidies. (EV World, 2002) Refer to the attached table from the United States Energy Information Administration: Table 1: In the recent year, the production of ethanol in United States is fully consumption by them and the continuous declined the import of ethanol. This is well obviously the domestics consumption and no import market for the ethanol. In additional, sugar cane, corn and soybeans are mainly used for production of biofuel. Most of the developed countries (e.g. China and India) are usually provided the subsidies, it will make the production of corn, sugar cane increasing faster and the farmers will plant more. These will be also beneficial to the developed countries. The land owners will give the benefit as well as the more ethanol production needed more arable land for crops. On the other hand, the consumers will suffer by paying more for the corn, sugar cane, etc. as the demand for ethanol is increased. In addition, the drivers in United States will suffer a lack of competition as the ethanol prices are higher. Also, the energy and pollution need to be balance of the whole cycle of ethanol production. 3) Case Discussion Questions 2 Answer One estimate suggests that if food prices rise by one-third, they will reduce living standards in rich countries by about 3%, but in very poor ones by about 20%. According to the international food policy research institute, unless policies change, cereal prices will rise by 10% to 20% by 2015, and the expansion of bio-fuel production could reduce calorie intake by 2% To 8% by 2020 in many of the worlds poorest nations. Should rich countries do anything about this potential problem? If so, what Yes we do, from the perspective of ethics the rich nations should provide helps hence these nations is already very well developed and they have more resources or extra resources to reallocate to the poor nations by providing helps to save life. Double approach To tackle the current situation of high food prices by providing emergency assistance to the poorest countries is needed. By revitalizing rural communities and re-launching agriculture are the key elements to reduce hunger and ensure an improved world food situation. Protecting the people who suffers hunger in rural and urban areas would require direct food distribution, food subsidies, cash donation and nutritional programs, such as school feeding. Enhance social protection is also very important for vulnerable groups, including pregnant women, elderly and the children. For short-term action, local food production should be the first prioritize. Subsides program should include the distribution to local farmers of fertilizers, seeds, animal feed or other input. Support should focus on agricultural research serving the needs of poor farmers, many of whom farm in increasingly marginal areas; poor farmers should have better access to factors of production, namely land, water and inputs. If this program worked effectively, such program would enhance the supply response in poor countries and improve food availability, during the increase of the income with small producers and it might also reduce price increases in local markets as well. For mid and long term actions, high food prices also represent an opportunity for increase investments in agriculture by both the private and public sectors to stimulate production and enhance productivity. Invite private firm for investment into long neglected areas such as agricultural research, extension for infrastructure, on the other hand production and trade policies on bio fuels may also need to be re-examined for their possible effects on food markets and food security, especially in those vulnerable countries. If all the short and long terms projects which works effectively, the food prices should decline dramatically because the supply of food increase and it could save millions of peoples who dont have to suffers of hungers and diseases, It may stop the wars between the poor countries which competes again for access to resources. 4) Case Discussion Questions 3 Answer The argument for giving subsides to ethanol producer rests upon the assumption that ethanol results in lower CO2 emission than gasoline and therefore benefits the environment. If we accept that global warming is a serious problem in itself, should we not be encouraging government to increase such subsides? What are the arguments for and against doing so? On balance, what do you think is the best policy? Biofuel as E85 is an ethanol fuel that typically contains a blend of up to 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85 is commonly used in the United States and Europe. Ethanol is one of the best tools to address environmental issues such as reduction in greenhouse effect and exhaust pipe emissions. Because ethanol is made from renewable, plant-based feedstock such as corn or sugar cane. The CO2 released during a vehicle in motion is recycled during the growth of ethanol feedstock. In 2007, U.S. governments have given subsidies to farmers caused that corn production increased to 85 million tons from around 15 million tons in 2000. Also subsidies amount to between $0.29 and $0.36 per liter of ethanol. In Europe the subsidies are as more as $1 a liter. The greenhouse effect is an essential environmental prerequisite for life on Earth. The problem is human activities destroy and accelerate the process by creating more greenhouse gases which include carbon dioxide, emitted by fossil fuel combustion and deforestation etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Global warming is produced mainly by the growth of greenhouse effect and emission of carbon dioxide. The Earths average surface temperature rose by 0.74 ±0.18  °C over the period 1906-2005. The carbon dioxide emission is estimated some 80 % rise in the economic growth of China. In the meantime the US and EU managed to reduce emissions slightly. It seems that global warming is a serious problem. The initial purpose of the subsidy was to help a nascent biofuels industry, hope to reduce Americas petroleum dependence. However, the ethanol is an effective way to break our petroleum addiction but not be the best of tools to improve the environmental and economic. In case we still encouraging government to increase the subsidies in the ethanol. It can be improved cellulosic technologies for energy efficient, reduce reliance on petroleum or displacement if possible. on the other hand, it may be developed an agriculturally-based rural energy workforce and help domestic producers to earn more revenue and advance economic growth because as the government policy to compete against low-cost foreign imports, gain export markets and improve the environmental better. In turn, Eliminating or not increasing ethanol subsidies will lower your grocery bill, saving $30 billion in wasteful spending and increasing edible maize by 14%. Because subsidies caused high demand for corn and soy beans turn into ethanol, then reduce the supply of land devoted to growing crops, that its existence increases the price of corn, and that food prices rising. On balance, I think the best policy is ethanol has helped in the development of the biofuel infrastructure. The subsidies still carry on but should be set up expiry dates and limit budget, also able to increase subsidies directed towards a broader range of approaches. From the technological and economic benefits, ethanol production still has little potential upside left in process cost reduction. Some subsidies should be used to introduce new competition to markets or support other new technologies to get higher revenue. 5) Application to Hong Kong Business Environment Governments policy is a critical factor. US and EU government implement Bio-Fuel Subsides and high tariff for sugar cane which is part of reason to rise global food price. There are many similar cases in Hong Kong. MTR Corporation Ltd is a typical example. The MTR Corporation was established in 1975 as the Mass Transit Railway Corporation and the Hong Kong Government was the only sole shareholder. Although the Hong Kong Government sold 23% of its issued share capital to private investors in an Initial Public Offering in 2000, Hong Kong Government is still a main shareholder. Since 90s, Hong Kong Government has adopted a transportation policy Railway as a backbone on the public policy. There are now 10 lines, but the Corporation is still developing and expanding its network. Within the next decade, the Corporation will complete five new strategic rail extensions. They include: West Island Line, Guangzhou Shenzhen Hong Kong Express Rail Link, Shatin to Central Link, Kwun Tong Line Extension and South Island Line (East). The Hong Kong Government supports the MTR Corporation Ltd non-stop network expansion. On the other hand, the Government adopts a tight control to others transportation with direct competition with MTR Corporation Ltd. For Example, franchised public bus KMB, who has been constrained the No. of vehicles, Bus routing expansion / abridgment and so on. Application to Hong Kong Resident Supply and Demand is an important issue. Due to the population growth the demand of meet, so the demand of food relatively increase which cause the global food price rise. Hong Kong residents are also affected by the issue of supply and demand of property. The price of property has been dramatically gone up from 40 to 115 since 2002 up to 2012 according to Centa-City Leading Index. In past, the ex- Chief Executive Donald Tsang did not have any policy to increase the supply of property. This result the supply of property maintains on the low level. However, the population of nubile age is increasing and they have a huge of demand on the property. Government is the main supply of property as it provides lands to property developer before property building and it directly build subsidized houses. However, in the past ten years, the supply of property is relatively low. The stop building of subsidized houses and slow land sold by Land Sale by Application, the supply of property is only around 10 thousand per last few years, but the demand of property is around 25 thousand as the No. of the marriages is over 50 thousand in the recent years. It causes a sharp difference between supply and demand. There is not enough supply to fulfil all demand. 6) Conclusion The global food price increase is one of the signs of the global food crisis. Global food crisis is a profound problem to all the human being. 22 countries have already suffered from this issue and more than 900 million people suffer from not having enough to eat every day according to FAO 2010. Global food crisis is more serious than war and environmental crisis as it would create a lot of social issue and affect social stability. Therefore it is time to take precautions before it is too late, we start! General public can as well reduce the food waste. In addition, the case study of global food price increase also shows the importance of governments policy. Government policy affects the business environment the industrys recession or boom. Government policy affects the living standard of general public. To take necessary precautions, Hong Kong resident should keep an eye on government daily operation.

Life: The Personal Experience :: essays research papers

Life: The Personal Experience   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Who would have thought that a night out with a church group could turn into a deadly accident? En route to a spring break camp, one of our van was hit by a 18 wheelers' truck; creating a night we wouldn't forget.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story began with a trip to summer retreat. It was ticket to bring me back to reality, and also tickets for some people to heaven. We loaded our luggage into the back of the vans, and we headed off toward our destination. It is about one or one and half hour later, one of our van stop at the stop sign, when the driver of that van saw no car was coming, (some blind spot cover the area that the driver can't see) he step the paddles and drive off, but a on coming truck was driving too fast and didn't saw one of our van, it crushes the van into three different pieces, everyone in our van saw it happened and everyone is shocked of that terrible scene. Few minutes later, the cops and the ambulances quickly arrived. We heard the loud noise come from the police and ask us to help them, we quickly got off the van and helping the fire fighters and the cops to pull people out of that vans, I saw lot of our church friend got burned to death and some other just crushed by Small pieces. Everyone is in tears including the police and fire fighters. After the rescue, we find out most of people in that van died, but some in serious condition. After that accident, I learned that life is meaningless, and learned that we should help others while we can. My goal was to let God into my life. It was one of the most relaxing and peaceful things I have ever done. Because we all inspired by God, he helps us when we really needed him. He brings us out of the nightmare that no one will ever forget. We gather all our church friend in a small meeting every Friday, every time we meet, we would have small group meetings and share anything that came to mind. We prayed for people to find God in their life, and for everything that needed assistance. We also planned the prayer service, meal plans, and chores for the next day. We saw God comes in our life and helps us while we have trouble of doing some stuff that we just cannot understand. He gives us power to think and solve the problem successively.

An Analysis of George Orwell’s Essay Why I Write Essay

George Orwell and Joan Didion, in their essay, â€Å"Why I Write,† imply that writing has affected each author to abdicate adversity and to accept failure. Orwell and Didion support their implications by explaining how each author attempted to embrace the abstract ideas in writing, but learned to view themselves as mediocre writers, neither good nor bad, whose self-reflection in writing produced a solemn atmosphere. Their purpose is to educate the reader on relevant motives and authenticity associated with writing to help them conceive a profound piece of work through self-reflection. Both authors establish a formal but moderately depressing tone, appealing to young Americans who hope to become writers. George Orwell, in the essay, â€Å"Why I Write† utilizes the rhetorical strategy of explanation in order to effectively deliver his message to the attending audience. Orwell, at first, introduces a statement about his childhood and his ambitious goals to become an inspiring writer. Suffering from depression and solitude during his adolescent years, Orwell often constructed solemn pieces of literature in order to reflect upon his current lifestyle. This idea of self-reflection assisted Orwell in becoming an exalt writer. Through exemplification, Orwell introduced the â€Å"four great motives for writing.† Orwell reflects upon the subject of sheer egotism, arguing that writers often write to be remembered. The author further elaborates on this idea, stating that serious writers care more about personal self-reflection than making money. In the motive of aesthetic enthusiasm, Orwell views himself as a moderate writer, illustrating how writers make their writing sound and look good by appreciating the aesthetics. The author eventually provides an  example for these motives, by appealing to the pathos in his Spanish-civil war poem, often concentrating on emotion and expressing remorse. Through explanation, George Orwell was able to effectively deliver his message to the attending audience. Joan didion, in the essay â€Å"Why I write,† utilizes the rhetorical strategy of explanation to appeal to her audience. Joan introduces her essay with the topic of self-reflection, by illustrating the act of saying I. In addition, Joan elaborates on this idea of self-reflection, explaining how writing allowed her to create a mind of abstract ideas. Similar to Orwell, Joan experienced several obstacles that impeded her writing. The author focuses on a particular issue, in which Didion became distracted while writing. The author reflects upon this idea, by providing an example of how her attention diverted simply to a â€Å"flowering pear outside her window† or the â€Å"lights on in the Bevatron† while writing at Berkley. Didion additionally conveys her attitude towards these distractions, often wondering why such events occur. As a result, Joan often ponders upon the abstract ideas in order to enhance her writing. Through the use of explanation, Joan didion was able to effectively deliver her message to the attending audience. George Orwell and Joan didion, in their why I write, employ the rhetorical strategy of explanation in order effectively attend to their audience. Though each author provided examples in order to support their implication, their appeals to pathos and emphasis on pondering the abstract ideas in writing further attracted their audience.

Free Essays on What Is Schizophrenia

‘split’ and ‘mind,’ Schizophrenics do not have split personalities. This misunderstanding has caused many people to misuse the term schizophrenia. The "split mind" refers to the way that schizophrenics are split off from reality; schizophrenics cannot tell what is real and what is not real. Schizophrenia affects men and women in equal numbers; although on average, men appear to develop schizophrenia earlier than women. Generally, men show the first signs of schizophrenia in their mid 20s and women show the first signs in their late 20s. Schizophrenia has a tremendous cost to society, estimated at $32.5 billion per year in the US. (Keefe 104) The behavior of people with schizophrenia is often very strange and shocking. This change in behavior, when people cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is not, is called "psychosis" or a "psychotic episode." The American Psychiatric Association has published guidelines that are used to classify people with mental disorders. There are a lot of symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Some of the symptoms are as follows: 1. Delusions, bizarre, false beliefs These beliefs seem real to the person with schizophrenia, but they are not real. For example, a person may believe that aliens or spies are controlling his or her behavior, mind and thoughts. Sometimes these delusions can be paranoid in nature. People with paranoia have an unreal fear or suspicion that someone is "out to get them." Delusions may also be of grandiosity. In these cases, people believe that they are someone important like a president, king or prime minister. 2. Hallucinations: ... Free Essays on What Is Schizophrenia Free Essays on What Is Schizophrenia Schizophrenia What is Schizophrenia? While many of us are not aware of what exactly it is, one out of every hundred person in America has it. The reason why I chose to write a paper on this topic is because my cousin is suffering from this disorder. Although the word Schizophrenia comes from the Greek words ‘split’ and ‘mind,’ Schizophrenics do not have split personalities. This misunderstanding has caused many people to misuse the term schizophrenia. The "split mind" refers to the way that schizophrenics are split off from reality; schizophrenics cannot tell what is real and what is not real. Schizophrenia affects men and women in equal numbers; although on average, men appear to develop schizophrenia earlier than women. Generally, men show the first signs of schizophrenia in their mid 20s and women show the first signs in their late 20s. Schizophrenia has a tremendous cost to society, estimated at $32.5 billion per year in the US. (Keefe 104) The behavior of people with schizophrenia is often very strange and shocking. This change in behavior, when people cannot tell the difference between what is real and what is not, is called "psychosis" or a "psychotic episode." The American Psychiatric Association has published guidelines that are used to classify people with mental disorders. There are a lot of symptoms associated with schizophrenia. Some of the symptoms are as follows: 1. Delusions, bizarre, false beliefs These beliefs seem real to the person with schizophrenia, but they are not real. For example, a person may believe that aliens or spies are controlling his or her behavior, mind and thoughts. Sometimes these delusions can be paranoid in nature. People with paranoia have an unreal fear or suspicion that someone is "out to get them." Delusions may also be of grandiosity. In these cases, people believe that they are someone important like a president, king or prime minister. 2. Hallucinations: ...

Make Way for New Words

Make Way for New Words Make Way for New Words Make Way for New Words By Mark Nichol The Oxford English Dictionary has an insatiable appetite for new entries: Every three months, it expands its inventory with dozens of words. A recent newspaper article, however, sensationalized recent acquisitions by selectively announcing a pile of pop-culture-inspired terms, missing the whole point of a dictionary. The OED, like most other dictionaries, is descriptivist: It describes the state of the language. Some descriptivist resources weigh in on the formality of given entries, or their acceptability by a panel of language experts. The procedure for approving candidate terms for inclusion varies, as dictionary staffs differ on how long a term should have been in general circulation before it earns the stamp of approval. But dictionaries do not include or omit words based on their quality. So, withhold your outrage when you read that you can now find such entries as bromance (a close friendship between two men), guyliner (eyeliner worn by a man), and mankini (a man’s one-piece bathing suit with shoulder straps). The apocalypse is not nigh. The OED is merely reflecting usage. (Well, OK, maybe the apocalypse is nigh.) But wait, you argue. You wouldn’t be caught uttering or penning one of those words, inducted into the OED in 2011. My rebuttal? I deduce that you are over twenty-five years old. Well, yes, you might reply as is a majority of the world’s English-reading population. That’s true, and many people born in the last twenty-five years would probably be embarrassed to employ one of these terms in conversation, too. But many folks of all ages know these words they’re in our word-hoard, whether we choose to speak or write them or not. And though some may turn out to be ephemeral, the OED has rightfully catalogued them as being in current usage. Here are a few terms added in the most recent round that I predict might have more staying power than those listed above: Cybercast: an online audiovisual broadcast Paywall: an online system that restricts access to those who pay a subscription Super PAC: a political action committee with restrictions on funding as long as specific political candidates are not the recipients In the What Took You So Long category are such terms as blacktop, a verb describing the process of paving a surface (the noun form already existed in the OED’s pages), earthlike (self-explanatory), and supertitle, the word for transcribed or translated text displayed above a stage or on a screen. In the Department of Redundancy Department category is bimble, a synonym (primarily used in British English) for amble or meander. But English is replete with multiple words with the same meaning, so bring it on. An honorable mention, for clever coinage, goes to aptronym, the word for a personal name usually humorously or ironically suited to the person, such as in the case of an undertaker named Grimm or a clumsy woman named Grace. Whether you love or hate each of these terms or the hundreds of others being poured into dictionaries each year, keep in mind that although inclusion does enhance the possibility that they will be used more often, the realm of English is a free country, and you are welcome to accept or reject them in your own writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?"Replacement for" and "replacement of"People vs. Persons

A Confucian Approach to Paternalistic Leadership and Ethical Judgement Research Paper

A Confucian Approach to Paternalistic Leadership and Ethical Judgement in Chinese Management - Research Paper Example Methodology The research uses a literature review to collect and collate previous researches dealing with the topic and then conducts a critical review and analysis of the literature to develop research propositions. Findings It is found that the Paternalistic Leadership style is underpinned by the Confucian principles and collectivism and that the Paternalistic leaders are able to influence ethical judgment and decision making. Practical Implications It is highlighted that in spite of the numerous advantages associated with the Paternalistic Leadership style there are also several concerns associated with its utility in the modern day globalized and highly competitive business environment. Â  Original Value The current research highlights the gap in the literature regarding comprehensive research that can test the utility of Paternalistic Leadership Style in the context of globalization. 2. Introduction The teachings of Confucius have had a very deep influence on the Chinese societ y. The Government of China also adopted these principles as official philosophy of the state for centuries until they adopted the "Three Principles of the People" when the nation embraced Republicanism. This study takes a look at Confucianism and Its Cultural Context in China and explores how Confucianism relates positively to collectivism in Chinese cultural contexts. According to Confucianism, basic tenets of humanism include principles that guide relationships, promote collectivism and guide ethical standards. The basic principles of Confucianism have a profound impact on the way Chinese organizations operate. The current paper aims to explore the cultural underpinnings of the Paternalistic Leadership styles adopted by the Chinese organizations and also to develop possible implications for the same. The research uses an exhaustive literature review where journal articles are researched and an exhaustive collection of previous research and theories on the subject is obtained. The collected articles are reviewed for their relevance to the topic and then collated under themes that are then discussed critically in the following literature review. 2. Literature Review and Propositions Development (1) Confucianism and Its Cultural Context in China The teachings of Confucius have had a very deep influence on the Chinese society. The Government of China also adopted these principles as official philosophy of the state for centuries until they adopted the "Three Principles of the People" when the nation embraced Republicanism. This study takes a look at Confucianism and Its Cultural Context in China and explores how Confucianism relates positively to collectivism in Chinese cultural contexts. According to Confucianism, basic tenets of humanism include principles that guide relationships, promote collectivism and guide ethical standards. The basic principles of Confucianism can be seen manifested in the culture of China as discussed below. Confucianism Guides Relatio nships in Chinese Culture According to the philosophy of Confucius, each individual has been given a specific role and he or she has to fulfil these duties. The way in which relationships are conducted has been dictated by the Confucian philosophy. For example, according to Wu Lun, there are five relationships that should be carried out in proper manner giving respect to the hierarchy. These relationships are between ruler and subject; father and son; elder brother and younger brother, husband and wife and between friends. In the first four ones, there is a clear hierarchy, where one person has the authority over the others. This means that the superior factor in the relationship have the power to rule over the other factor (Bailey, 2011). Therefore, ruler, father, elder brother and

Race, Gender, Imperialism and American History Essay

Race, Gender, Imperialism and American History - Essay Example Historical accounts make it abundantly clear that it is the combination of the three key factors i.e. race, gender, and sexuality that has helped shape some of the major domestic and foreign policies in the United States. This essay looks at how the politics of race, gender, and sexuality contributed in shaping the domestic and foreign policies in America as we know today by exploring the American history and through a comprehensive study of its culture and the identities of the people of color which greatly influenced the country's overall political framework. Race: Causes & History Racism first emerged in the 16th and more specifically during the 17th century when Europeans began enslaving people from Africa as well as the new world. During this period however racism meant that 'certain people who were defined as non-Europeans find themselves ruled and governed by Europeans'. Causes: The key motivation behind it was grounded in economics driven by the motive of profit maximization. The laws that encouraged racism and the racial segregation of people of color were hence developed to enable the whites to use the non-whites as commodities / resources that helped them in achieving their profit objectives. Most of these slaves were hired by the whites to work on plantations since ownership of slaves was regarded as the greatest form of wealth (Racism - A History). The underlying factors that led to the rampant racist attitudes towards the people of color were the inherent fear and apprehension regarding these 'foreign' races. Blacks, for instance, were perceived as half humans and half animals (Racism: A History) while the Native American tribes were perceived as brutes who kill defenseless women and children (Baigell 4). The concept of â€Å"race† during a fair part of the 19th century was defined strictly with regard to the skin color and the individuals were socially categorized in accordance with their respective race with Europeans (whites) occupying the top spot. However, in 1922 in the case of Ozawa v United States the courts ruled that 'the test of race afforded by the color of the skin of each individual is impracticable as that differs greatly among persons of the same race, even among Anglo-Saxons, ranging by imperceptible gradations from the fair blond to the swarthy brunette, the latter being darker than many of the lighter hued persons of the brown or yellow races'. Thus suggesting that racial boundaries cannot be bound by skin color alone and hence cannot be used to racially divide people (Lopez 195). You need a transitional sentence that connects this paragraph to the next. So even though the law exists, racism still prevails at an institutional level. The legal and judicial sy stem in the U.S. had time and again used the law as a tool of racial segregation. One such instance is the case of the manner in which the U.S. used the law to prevent mass migration of Chinese workers to California during the gold rush. The state of California passed its first anti-Chinese laws during the 1850s including the levying of a special tax targeted at the Chinese to dissuade them from flooding American shores in hordes (Bill Moyers Special: